Rare autologous flaps in breast reconstruction: literature review
M. V. Ermoshchenkova, 
A. M. Tonyan,
V. N. Galkin,
I. V. Reshetov,
O. I. Startseva,
S. R. Aesh,
A. I. Voronin,
V. O. Lysenko,
D. I. Sorokina,
A. D. Zikiryakhodzhaev
A. M. Tonyan,
V. N. Galkin,
I. V. Reshetov,
O. I. Startseva,
S. R. Aesh,
A. I. Voronin,
V. O. Lysenko,
D. I. Sorokina,
A. D. Zikiryakhodzhaev https://doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/96/04
Abstract
Purpose of a study: to analyze currently available literature data on the clinical effectiveness, indications, and potential complications of rare autologous flaps used in surgical breast reconstruction.
Material and methods. A literature search was conducted in Clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed, Medline, NCCN, Scopus, eLibrary, Cochrane Library using keywords and their combinations: “breast reconstruction” / «реконструкция молочной железы», “rare flaps”, SIEA, TMG/TUG, GAP, PAP, LTP/LAP. A total of 48 sources published between 1971 and 2025 were included in this review.
Results. Breast reconstruction using rare autologous flaps (SIEA, TMG, GAP, PAP, LTP) represents an important alternative for patients in whom standard techniques such as DIEP or TRAM are not feasible due to anatomical limitations, obesity, or scarring.
Conclusion. This review demonstrates that rare autologous flaps not only broaden surgical options but also provide satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes, comparable to those achieved with standard reconstruction techniques.
Keywords
breast reconstruction,
autologous reconstruction,
rare flaps,
SIEA,
TMG/TUG flap,
GAP flap,
PAP flap,
LTP flap,
microsurgery
Supporting agencies: no author has a financial or property interest in any material or method metioned.
About the Authors
M. V. Ermoshchenkova
Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Maria V. Ermoshchenkova, Dr. Med. sci., Associate Professor, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, the Institute of Clinical Medicine; head of the Oncology Department No. 1
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991; 7, Kolomensky proezd, Moscow, 115487
A. M. Tonyan
Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Artur M. Tonyan, postgraduate student
6, Miklukho-Maklay st., Moscow, 117198
V. N. Galkin
Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Vsevolod N. Galkin, Dr. Med. sci., Professor, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery; Chief Physician, the Oncology Center No. 1
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991; 7, Kolomensky proezd, Moscow, 115487
I. V. Reshetov
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Igor V. Reshetov, Dr. Med. sci., Professor, Academician of RAS, Director of Institute of Cluster Oncology named after L.L. Levshin, head of the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery, the Institute of Clinical Medicine named after the N.V. Sklifosovsky
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
O. I. Startseva
Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Olesya I. Startseva, Dr. Med. sci., Professor, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, the Institute of Clinical Medicine
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
S. R. Aesh
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Sophie Ramiz Ahmad Aesh, postgraduate student, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, the Institute of Clinical Medicine named after the N.V. Sklifosovsky
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
A. I. Voronin
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Andrey I. Voronin, 5th year student
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
V. O. Lysenko
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Vladislav O. Lysenko, 4th year student
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
D. I. Sorokina
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Dariya I. Sorokina, Resident, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery
bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
A. D. Zikiryakhodzhaev
Moscow City Oncological Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Aziz D. Zikiryahodzhaev, Dr. Med. sci., Professor, head of the Department of Oncology and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of Skin and Breast; Professor, the Department of Oncology and X-ray Radiology named after V.P. Khartchenko; Professor, the Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery
3, 2nd Botkinsky proezd, Moscow, 125284; 6, Mikloukho-Maklay st., Moscow, 117198; bld. 2, 8, Trubetskaya st., Moscow, 119991
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Ermoshchenkova M.V., Tonyan A.M., Galkin V.N., Reshetov I.V., Startseva O.I., Aesh S.R., Voronin A.I., Lysenko V.O., Sorokina D.I., Zikiryakhodzhaev A.D. Rare autologous flaps in breast reconstruction: literature review. Issues of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery. 2026;29(1):35-49. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.52581/1814-1471/96/04
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