Современные подходы к регенерации периферических нервов и спинного мозга (обзор литературы)

Цель исследования: обобщить современные подходы к регенерации нервной ткани с акцентом на роль биомиметических и наноструктурированных материалов, определить их потенциал и ограничения для применения в реконструктивной нейрохирургии.

Материал и методы. Проведён нарративный обзор публикаций в базах данных PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science за период 2020–2025 гг. по ключевым словам: «периферические нервы», «спинной мозг», «нейрорегенерация», «биоматериалы», «нервные кондуиты», «наноматериалы». В анализ были включены экспериментальные и клинические исследования, а также обзоры и метаанализы, посвящённые тканевой инженерии и нейрохирургическим методам восстановления. Оценены архитектура материалов, механизмы регенерации и параметры эффективности.

Результаты. Установлено, что наибольший потенциал в направленной регенерации периферических нервов демонстрируют биомиметические материалы, имитирующие внеклеточный матрикс и создающие направляющую структуру для роста аксонов. Наноструктурированные и функционализированные кондуиты, содержащие факторы роста, клеточные элементы и проводящие компоненты, улучшают регенерацию периферических нервов и частично восстанавливают проводимость повреждённого спинного мозга.

Заключение. Биоинженерные подходы на основе наноструктурированных и биомиметических кондуитов расширяют возможности реконструктивной нейрохирургии. Перспективным направлением является определение оптимальных комбинаций материалов и биологически активных факторов, обеспечивающих перенос результатов экспериментальных исследований в клиническую практику.

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