Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent forms of malignant neoplasm among the female population, both within the Russian Federation and globally. Given that the primary treatment modality for this oncological condition is surgical, entailing the excision of the affected organ, there is an imperative for subsequent reconstruction.

Purpose of the study: to make a comparison of data from global studies on the quality of life of patients who underwent non-flap breast reconstruction after mastectomy, based on the Breast-Q and HADS questionnaires.

The present literature search was conducted in the PubMed, eLibrary, and Cyberleninka databases for the period from 2016 to 2025. The following keywords were utilised for the search: The following terms are to be considered: “quality of life” “breast reconstruction”, “breast implant”, “mesh implant”, “Breast-Q”, and “HADS”. A comprehensive analysis encompassing original studies, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews was conducted. The influence of various factors on patient satisfaction with the appearance of reconstructed breasts and quality of life in terms of physical, psychosocial, and sexual well-being, as well as on the level of anxiety and depression in the postoperative period, was studied.

The present study has demonstrated that immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction is associated with higher quality of life (QoL) scores and lower anxiety and depression indices. A decrease in QoL scores has been demonstrated to be associated with the occurrence of complications in the postoperative period. Further research is required to ascertain the extent to which radiation therapy, the type of endoprosthesis, and its additional coverage with a mesh implant impact quality of life indicators.

Purpose of a study: to conduct a comparative analysis of the clinical and instrumental characteristics of breast tissue in patients with type I–II tubular breast deformity and hypomastia for the morphofunctional justification of the choice of the prepectoral subfascial plane of implant placement.

Material and methods. A prospective cohort study included 116 patients: 47 women with tubular breast deformity and 69 – with hypomastia without signs of constriction. Tissue condition was assessed using a pinch test, ultrasound, elastography, and a visual echogenicity scale. The thickness of the integumentary tissues of the mammary glands and pectoralis major was measured, and the echogenicity and stiffness of the soft tissues were determined.

Results. Patients with tubular breast deformity demonstrated significantly greater soft-tissue thickness (9.1 ± 1.8 vs 5.3 ± 1.5 mm in hypomastia, p < 0.001), higher echogenicity (4.3 ± 0.7 vs 2.8 ± 0.5 points, p < 0.001), increased tissue stiffness by shear wave elastography (66.4 ± 9.2 kPa vs 39.7 ± 6.8 kPa, p < 0.001), and a higher strain ratio (2.9 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.3, p < 0.001). The pectoralis major muscle was also significantly thicker, indicating compensatory hypertrophy.

Conclusion. The morphofunctional features observed in type I–II tubular breast deformity confirm the structural adequacy of the upper-pole soft-tissue envelope and support the feasibility of creating a prepectoral subfascial pocket without muscle involvement. This approach minimizes the risk of animation deformities, upper-pole overcorrection, and postoperative pain, while ensuring a more physiological and predictable aesthetic outcome.

A modern view on the etiology and pathogenesis of rhinophyma has been presented in the article, the main methods of treatment are described. A clinical case of successful treatment of a patient using the method of radio wave surgery bas been presented.

The presented study was based on a comparative analysis of the cost – efficiency of a single-method breast reconstruction using lipografting technology and traditional reconstruction methods, such as the two-stage expanderimplant method and the TRAM flap method.

The conducted comparative analysis shows that the method of breast reconstruction using lipografting technology has comparable efficiency with traditional methods, but is statistically significantly more cost – efficiency (p < 0.05).

Objective. Breast diseases involve several entities. The majority are noncancerous. Some of these lesions are innocent, and reassurance would be enough without any surgical intervention. Others may increase the risk of malignancy, such as atypical hyperplasia, epitheliosis, borderline phyllodes, and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and need close observation. Malignant lesions, including invasive ductal or lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and other sporadic cancers, including malignant phyllodes, account for 20% of breast diseases in total. The study aimed to compare breast diseases in two countries in Asia, Bahrain and Russia, in 2022.

Material and methods. A retrospective descriptive comparative study of 200 female breast cancer patients, whose ages ranged from 14 to 76 years old. 100 patients were in group A from Bahrain and 100 in group B from Russia. Data was collected in a pre-structured form. It included: age, complaints, physical examination, laterality, location, diameter of the lesion by ultrasound, Birads categorisation, investigations, pre- and post-operative diagnosis, and surgical procedure performed.

Results. The results were analyzed using SPSS (version 27). The study included 200, The most common complaint was a painless breast lump in 73% & and 56% in group A and group B, respectively. A palpable breast lump: 74 (74%) of Group A and 87 (87%) of Group B. The most common location is in the UOQ: 57% of Group A and 56% of Group B. Age range in Benign conditions was: 14–71 years in Group A, and 18–75 in Group B. Malignant conditions were diagnosed in group A between the ages of 36 and 76, and in group B, the range was between 27 and 60 years. Most patients were diagnosed with tumors less than 30 mm, but group B had more patients than group A, 92% and 74%, respectively. Group A had significantly more cases in BI-RADS 2 (44%) and BI-RADS 5 (3%), while Group B showed higher proportions in BI-RADS 3 (41%) and BI-RADS 4 (42%). Breast U/S is the first imaging tool. Core biopsy was used more in group B than in group A. Fibroadenoma was diagnosed more commonly in group B (79%) than in group A(56%). Breast cancer was diagnosed in 17 cases in group A and 2 cases in group B.

The surgical procedures performed for benign conditions: excision biopsy in 59% of Group A (59%), while wide local excision was the main procedure in Group B (86%). For malignant conditions, Group A had more cancer surgeries (17 cases) compared to Group B (2 cases), with oncoplastic wide local excision being the most common approach in Group A (16 out of 17). Mastectomy rates were very low and similar in both groups (1 case each).

Conclusion. In conclusion, the study revealed that the majority of the cases in both groups had benign breast disease, where fibroadenoma was the most frequent. Most tumors were discovered to be less than 30 mm in diameter. Breast imaging was more than 40% in Bi-Rads 2 in Group A and 3 and 4 in Group B. The surgical procedures were mostly excision biopsy for benign conditions and wide local resection for malignant conditions.

Objective. An analysis of the size of the aorta is an important criterion in determining the treatment strategy, however, modern research increasingly emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive analysis of the geometric characteristics of the thoracic aorta, including its length and spatial configuration. Purpose of a study: to analyze the geometric parameters of thoracic aorta in patients with ascending aneurysm.

Material and methods. The study included 70 patients with ascending aortic aneurysm. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the length of the ascending aorta (from the aortic valve to the mouth of the brachiocephalic trunk): less than 111 mm (normal aorta, n = 33) and more than 111 mm (elongated aorta, n = 37). A comparative analysis of the clinical, demographic and instrumental data of patients in both groups was carried out.

Results. With a comparable diameter of the aortic root, arch, and descending section, the tubular section of the ascending aorta was statistically significantly larger in patients with an elongated aorta compared to patients with normal aortic length – 52 (49; 55) mm vs 49 (47; 52) mm (p = 0.048). When assessing the length of the thoracic aorta segments, it was noted that the total length of the ascending aorta was 119.2 (114; 125) mm and 102 (89; 107.9) mm (p = 0.008) in the groups of the elongated and normal aorta. It is noted that aortic elongation occurs due to both the root and the tubular part of the ascending aorta. At the same time, the length of the arch and descending thoracic aorta was comparable between the analyzed groups of patients.

Conclusion. According to the data obtained, it should be noted that in patients who have not reached the threshold recommended for surgical treatment, the length of the aorta significantly exceeds normal values. To assess the risk of adverse aortic-associated events in patients with ascending aortic aneurysm, it is necessary to analyze not only the size of the aorta, but also its length.

A non-standard surgical approach to treating a patient with a recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula has been presented in the article. A posterior tracheal wall repair using an esophageal patch was used. This approach, despite tissue shortages and a long-standing infection, allowed for the isolation of the affected area of the posterior tracheal wall and the creation of additional protection for the mechanical suture. This approach resulted in a complete cure and an improved quality of life for the patient.

Purpose of a study: to analyze the results of 20 years of experience in repair of hiatal hernias using various mesh implants in Clinic of Bashkir State Medical University (Ufa, Russia).

Material and methods. A retrospective study of the database of 1516 patients with hiatal hernias treated in the clinic in 2005–2024 was conducted, in whom its correction included hiatoplasty using a mesh implant. Mesh safety was assessed by recording complications associated with the use of the mesh. Hiatoplasty was considered indicated when the dilation of the esophageal opening was more than 3.5 cm. Perioperative morbidity, functional results and recurrence rate during follow-up, and overall patient satisfaction were analyzed.

Results. Diaphragmocurrography was performed in 268 (17.7%) cases, in 182 (12.0%) cases the esophageal opening of the diaphragm was replaced with a mesh implant, in total the esophageal opening was corrected in 450 (29.7%) patients. Detailed clinical and instrumental evaluation of the treatment results was performed in 182 patients with mesh esophageal opening replacement. There was no perioperative mortality. The outcome without postoperative complications was achieved in 94.5% of cases. The quality of life of patients after surgery was studied by comparing the results of the questionnaires (GERD-HRQL and SF-36 questionnaires) and special methods for studying the closure function of the cardia.

Conclusion. Our data indicate that correction of hiatal hernia using augmentation with a non-absorbable mesh implant is technically easy to implement and safe with low perioperative morbidity and acceptable rates of postoperative complications in the immediate and long-term follow-up periods.

Purpose of a study: to analyze the possibility results of surgical treatment of patients with mediastinal tumors.

Material and methods. From 2006 to 2024, 278 patients (97 (34.89%) men and 181 (65.11%) women) with mediastinal tumors various interventions were performed. The age of the study participants ranged from 15 to 79 years, average age of patients was (49.8 ± 11,8) years old. In 96 cases, open interventions were performed, in 182 cases, mini invasive. In 219 (78.77%) patients, the tumor was localized in the anterior mediastinum, in 58 (20.86%) in the posterior mediastinum, in 1 (0.35%) in the anterior and posterior mediastinum.

Results. The tumor was completely removed using sternotomy in 59 patients (21.22%), thoracoscopy in 134 (48.20%), thoracotomy in 18 (6.47%), dual-port thoracoscopy in 16 (5.75%), single-port access in 5 (1.79%), VATS intervention in 4 (1.43%), cervicotomy with partial sternotomy in 2 (0.71%), and clamshell in 1 (0.35%). Partial tumor resection was performed in 16 (5.75%). In 13 patients (4.68%), the volume of intervention was expanded due to tumor invasion or ingrowth into the vessels of the lung, pericardium, lung tissue, or chest wall. Postoperative complications occurred in 20 patients (7.19%). The mortality rate was 2.15% (6 patients).

Conclusion. Surgical interventions in patients with mediastinal tumors are highly effective and have a low incidence of intra- and postoperative complications and mortality. When planning a surgical intervention, preference should be given to mini invasive interventions as low-traumatic, shorter in duration and highly radical, comparable to “open” surgeries. If mini invasive intervention is impossible, an “open” version of the operation can be considered, including with expansion of the volume when the tumor grows into the lung tissue, vessels, pericardium. Tumor debunking intervention are applicable for large tumors to reduce their volume, eliminate compression of the trachea, bronchi, vessels and carry out further treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy).

Objective. One of the most widely used tools for assessing hand function is the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH). To calculate the results of the study, you need to perform several mathematical operations - add up the points according to the patient's answers, divide by the number of answers, subtract one, and multiply the resulting value by 25. It is difficult and time-consuming to do this with a pencil and paper. Therefore, many doctors use a calculator to calculate the results of the study, or make calculations in an Excel. To optimize the calculation process, we have developed a computer program called “Program for assessing functional decompensation of the upper limbs.

Purpose of a study: to analyze the effectiveness of the proposed program in comparison with traditional methods of calculating the results of the study using the QuickDASH.

Material and methods. An analysis of 10 questionnaires of patients with various hand pathologies was conducted. The patients filled out the questionnaires themselves after a short explanation of the task by the attending physician.

Ten medical students took part in calculating the results of the study. The calculation of data obtained as a result of answers to the QuickDASH questions was carried out in three ways: using a calculator, using an Excel spreadsheet, and using a computer program. The total time spent on calculating all 10 questionnaires and calculating the time for each questionnaire separately was determined. Students used smartphones and standard applications as tools for calculations - a calculator, an Excel table, a computer program.

Results. Working with the spreadsheet took less time than working with the calculator, but more time than working with the computer program.

Conclusion. The conducted research demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed computer program in comparison with generally accepted methods of calculating data when working with the QuickDASH.

Purpose of a study: to evaluate the effectiveness and confirm the status of the Ponseti method as the gold standard of conservative treatment of congenital clubfoot in young children based on 10 years of experience in the Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, the Emergency Hospital No. 2 (Tomsk, Russia).

Material and methods. Over the past 10 years, 168 children aged 1 month to 3 years with congenital clubfoot (198 feet) have been treated at the Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, the Emergency Hospital No. 2 in Tomsk. The degree of congenital deformity before treatment was assessed according to the A. Dimeglio school. It ranged from 15 to 20 points. 168 achilotomies were performed during this treatment period. To eliminate foot deformity, plaster bandages were applied from the tips of the toes to the upper third of the thigh in the bent knee joint, plaster bandages were changed after 7–10 days, and 4–8 casts were required to completely eliminate clubfoot and the treatment period ranged from 4 to 6 weeks, depending on the rigidity of the deformity. At the final stage, after the plaster cast, the children were prescribed braces with the foot held in a 60–70° abduction position and a back flexion of 15°. It is necessary to note the features of wearing braces, that for the first 4 months it was recommended to wear them around the clock, then the time of wearing braces was shifted to the period of daytime and night sleep.

Results. The results of treatment of 88 children with congenital clubfoot (129 feet) aged 3 months to 3 years were studied and evaluated according to a 4-point system: excellent 65 children (73.86%), good 11 (12.5%), satisfactory 8 (9.09%), unsatisfactory 4 (4.55%).

Conclusion. The I. Ponseti method of treating children with congenital clubfoot can be considered as the gold standard. The technique itself is simple and highly effective for correcting congenital clubfoot and makes it possible to correct this deformity.